First Person Paper about Esther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

First Person Paper about Esther - Essay Example However, the queen rejected the Kings Command and the king was furious. The king was advised accordingly that the queen’s behavior would make all women in the kingdom to despise their husbands. A royal decree was made and recorded that her royal position be given to another better woman as a lesson to all women and make men masters in their houses. The king was advised that a search be made for young beautiful virgins in the entire kingdom and be given beauty treatment so that the virgin who would please the king most would be made queen instead Vashti. I was living in the kingdom with my uncle Mordecai as exiles from Jerusalem. My uncle had brought me up as his own daughter since I had no father or mother and I was a young woman lovely and beautiful. When the king’s command was heard, I was also taken with many young women to the palace, under the care of Hegai his eunuch who kept his concubines. I pleased Hegai and gained his favor and this made him give me the best b eauty preparations. Meanwhile I kept my identity secret because my Uncle advised me so. My Uncle showed concern for me and he visited the women’s quarter daily to find out about my progress. ... He placed a crown on my head and made me the queen instead of Vashti. The king made a great feast for me for all his officials and servants, and he proclaimed a holiday in all the provinces and gave gifts generously. In the palace, I never disclosed my identity since I obeyed the advice of my uncle. My Uncle later discovered that people were plotting to eliminate the king and he informed me and I told the king about it. The matter was investigated and was found as true. The men were hanged and this was written in the chronicles before the king. After these things, the king promoted Hamah one of his officers and set him above all the princes and all servants who were commanded by the king to bow to Haman. However, Mordecai would not bow to Haman because he was a Jew and this made Harman very angry. He decided to destroy all the Jews in the whole kingdom and he set a date and month for carrying the plan. He sought permission from the king saying that the practices of the Jews were not in the best interest of the king and he promised to enrich the king’s treasury with silver and gold. The king allowed Haman to do with the Jews as he pleased and a decree was made in all the provinces in all languages and it was sealed with the king’s signet ring. The letters were sent to all provinces to destroy, to annihilate all Jews young and old including women and children on the twelfth month. Mordecai leant of this and he tore his clothes, sat in ashes, and cried loud in the city bitterly and he came to the king’s gate but he could not be allowed because of his attire. All Jews cried in all provinces with fasting, wailing and crying. My made and servants told me and I was distressed and I sent him

LED TV Technology Overview Engineering Essay

LED TV Technology Overview Engineering Essay This paper discusses the Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology and the impact it shall have on television applications. The paper highlights the advantages and challenges for these applications and explore the specific advantages that LED technology has for DLP (Digital Light Processing) product applications. Introduction With a wide variety of applications, the LED has become a pivotal illumination technology.Since their initial invention, LEDs have been used in many diverse applications such as watches, calculators, remote controls, indicator lights, and backlights for many common gadgets and household devices. The technology is advancing at a rapid pace and as the brightness and efficiency of LEDs increases, new applications continue to emerge. From the early 1900s, scientists have been discovering ways to generate light from various materials. In 1907, Henry Joseph Round discovered that light could be generated from a sample of Silicon Carbide (SiC). For the next 50 years, scientists continued to discover the light emitting properties that exist with some compounds. In the 1950s, studies around the properties of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) paved the way for the first official LED discoveries that soon followed.1 LED research began in the early 1960s, primarily at Bell Labs, Hewlett Packard (HP), IBM, Monsanto, and RCA. Gallium-Aresenide-Phosphide (GaAsP) provided the basis for the first commercially available red LEDs in 1968 by HP and Monsanto. In the early 1970s, the use of LEDs exploded with new applications such as calculators and watches by companies like Texas Instruments (TI), HP, and Sinclair. Other applications such as indicator lights and alphanumeric displays soon became the mainstream use for LEDs and continued to be so for many years.2 LED Technology Background As the name implies, an LED is a diode that emits light. The diode is the most basic semiconductor whose purpose is to conduct electrical current with some form of controlled variability. The diode in its simplest form is comprised of poor conducting materials that have been modified (or doped) to increase the amount of free electrons that are available. High electron materials (referred to as N-type materials) are combined with low electron materials (referred to as P-type materials) to form a junction for these free electrons to flow. This junction is often referred to as the PN junction. An LED is a PN junction diode semiconductor that emits photons when voltage is applied. This process of photon emission is called injection electroluminescence and occurs when electrons move from the N-type material to fill the lower energy holes that exist in 2 the P-type material. When the high energy electrons fall into these holes, they lose some of their energy which results in the generation of photons. The materials used for the P-type and N-type layers along with the size of the gap between them determine the wavelength and overall energy level of the light that is produced. Many materials have been developed for manufacturing LEDs. Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide (AlGaAs), Aluminum- Indium-Gallium-Phosphide (AlInGaP), and Indium-Gallium-Nitride (InGaN) are commonly used for present LED architectures. AlInGaP is typically used for Red and Yellow dies while InGaN is used for Blue and Green. These materials efficiently produce photons that have wavelengths in the visible spectrum. These materials in combination with new manufacturing architectures have enabled the production of very bright LEDs that are beginning to find their way into general lighting and automotive applications. Some architectures have begun utilizing additional phosphor compounds to generate white light and are now beginning to compete with common incandescent and fluorescent lighting with much lower power and much longer lifetimes. The worldwide production of LEDs has risen to about 4 billion units per month. Manufacturing in Taiwan, Japan, and the U.S. comprises the most significant volumes with Taiwan leading with about one half of that volume overall. Much of the manufacturing involves the packaging of the LED die with a limited number of manufacturers creating the actual LED die material. Figure 1 illustrates the market size for low brightness and high brightness LEDs as a function of the total LED market.3 Low Brightness 36% High Brightness 64% ** Total LED Market: $5.74 Billion Figure 1 LED Market Segments LED Technology Breakthroughs Recent innovations in the manufacturing of the die material and packaging have resulted in ultra high brightness capabilities. The use of new materials for the substrate have allowed for improved thermal conductivity which allows for higher power consumption and net light output. This increase in light output has enabled new applications for LEDs such as automotive lighting, traffic signals, and more recently, television displays. An example of these new structures is illustrated in Figure 2. Al2O3 N Layer Quantum Wells Reflective Layer P Layer GaN Thermally Conductive Substrate Figure 2 Basic LED Structure Significant improvements in the production of Aluminum-Indium-Gallium-Phosphide (AlInGaP) and Indium- Gallium-Nitride structures have allowed for improved brightness in green and blue specifically. Additional colors such as amber and cyan are also 3 being developed at a rapid pace. These improvements enable system designs that can produce better color fidelity at near equivalent brightness to common lamp-based technologies with longer lifetimes. Additional performance enhancements include system level features like instant on, no mercury, no color refresh artifacts, dynamically adjustable brightness, and improved color gamuts. Figure 3 illustrates the gamut area for LED illumination as compared to the common reference standard (Rec. 709). LED Rec. 709 0 0 Figure 3 LED Color Gamut LED illumination provides a much larger color gamut (as much as 40% or more than the HDTV color standard [Rec. 709]), providing more accurate color fidelity. These performance attributes can be quite appealing for television applications where long life and excellent color fidelity are required. As LEDs continue to advance, their impact on television applications could be significant. Figure 4 illustrates the evolution of LEDs and their potential brightness efficiency in the coming years.4 200 Incandescent Lamps 180 W) 160 Flourescent Lamps / 140 (Lm High Pressure Arc 120 Lamps 100 Efficiency Light Emitting 80 Diodes 60 40 20 0 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year Figure 4 Lighting Technology Evolution LED Technology Challenges Controlling the thermal stability of the LED die is critical to the performance and stability of LED illumination and reliability. The LED architecture inherently produces light from all sides and surfaces of the PN structure in a lambertian distribution (uniform distribution into a 180 degree hemisphere). While this might seem efficient, most of this light is actually absorbed into adjacent die, the mounting substrate, or other surfaces of the LED assembly. This absorption results in an increased thermal loading of the entire LED assembly. This heat must be addressed to obtain maximum light output and reliability. Additionally, for applications that require imaging of the light energy to a small display device (e.g. DLP ® HDTV), any light that is emitted outside of the system etendue is not useable and only adds to the heat and overall power loading. Controlling this absorption, shaping the light to match the system etendue, and maximizing the thermal efficiency to extract heat fr om the die are all critical to increasing the light output and usability of the LEDs. For traditional applications, LEDs are commonly driven in CW (continuous wave 100% duty cycle) mode. For high brightness applications, however, this is not as desirable. Since the average temperature of the PN junction 4 determines both the light output and lifetime of the LED, it is often more efficient to drive the LEDs with a smaller duty cycle. With a smaller duty cycle, the LEDs can potentially be driven to higher current loads to increase the overall light output while maintaining a lower average temperature of the PN junction. The challenge with this, however, is that the driver circuitry must be able to generate fast switching waveforms, switching large currents in as short a time as only a few microseconds. This certainly presents some challenges for the design of the LED power driver. But, solutions have already been developed with performance that easily meets these requirements. Another challenge that results from higher thermal loading is that of color shift. As the PN junction changes temperature, the output wavelength of the light can shift by as much as 10nm or more. This color shift obviously impacts the color point for that color, but also impacts the white point for the system since each of the colors are mixed to create white. Fundamentally, to stabilize this color shift, the LEDs must either be run at a lower power or maintain extreme thermal stability. However, with the implementation of some form of system feedback and proper power control algorithms, the stability of the white could be preserved while maintaining high brightness efficiency. DLP ® TV with LED Illumination TI has developed a DLP ® HDTV system to take advantage of LED illumination with brightness performance that is nearly equivalent to lamp based systems. By utilizing the latest generation of high brightness LEDs and implementing a unique feedback system, it is now possible for DLP ® HDTV designs to enjoy the benefits of LED illumination. Figure 5 illustrates the basic optical configuration of this system. Collimating Lenses Dichroic Filters Optical Integrator DMD TIR Prism Blue Array Green Array Red Array Condenser Lens Projection Lens  ® Figure 5 DLPP HDTV LED Optical Architecture Utilizing a unique feedback algorithm, TI has demonstrated that any color shift variations that affect the white point can be controlled to a tolerance beyond what the eye can detect. The current DLP ® products implementation with LED technology utilizes a TI DSP component to process system information in real time, offering superior stability over a wide range of operating temperatures while maximizing brightness and reliability. DLP ® Products Performance Advantages The rapid switching capabilities of LED technology match perfectly with the fast switching properties of DLP ® technology. By taking advantage of the high speed capabilities of the DMD and LEDs, it is now possible to utilize color refresh rates that are much higher than what exists with todays designs. It is also possible to randomize the color order. Ultimately, images can be created with higher bit depth, better motion fidelity, and higher brightness. By increasing the switching frequency of the LEDs, it is possible to drive them with increased power while minimizing the thermal loading of the PN junction. These fast switching capabilities of 5 DLP ® technology take advantage of the new LED colors that are becoming available, providing much more flexibility for multiple color configurations using a single DMD device. With a DLP ® system, the LEDs do not require polarization, reflecting the light precisely off of the DMD mirror surface. The light is used efficiently, only when it is needed. This maximizes brightness and system efficiency while reducing heat. The net result is a lower system cost with higher brightness and larger color gamuts that far exceed those possible by traditional systems utilizing other common illumination sources. Conclusion As LED technology developments continue to improve brightness and reliability, LED illumination may become more of a mainstream light source for many future applications. Future developments will be able to take further advantage of the fast LED switching time to improve video performance, enhance contrast without opto-mechanical components, and create adjustable color gamuts that far exceed the possibilities of traditional illumination sources. New products will soon benefit from these fundamental capabilities providing new, unique designs that offer instant on, better colors, and overall better picture using the speed of DLP ® micromirror arrays. With the advantages of LED and DLP ® technologies working together, it is expected that DLP ® HDTVs will provide even better performance with better reliability far exceeding any existing DLP ® HDTV product.

The Impact of Computers On Our Lives :: Technology Society Computer Essays Papers

The Impact of Computers On Our Lives Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the US and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of people’s lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer’s ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to "programming" rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first â€Å"digital calculating machine†. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal’s father who was a tax collector (Soma, 32). In the early 1800’s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by--and stored data on--cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called â€Å"punchcards†. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device (Soma, 46). After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest (Osborne, 45). Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the US was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Gulliver, 82).

College Costs Essay

Introduction It’s no secret that financing a college education is getting tougher. College costs have skyrocketed over the past decade or so, and there’s no relief in sight. Average tuition at four-year colleges will increase 7 percent this school year, double the rate of inflation. Student aid is not increasing fast enough to plug the growing gap between tuition and family finances. In addition, there is a growing number of older students entering college today. These students have families that they need to support. I know, because I am a family man who has returned to school. I wish to finish my degree at the Rochester Institute of Technology. The only problems I face are financial in nature. It is with this in mind that I set about this research. The not so simple question: Is financial aid available to older students, and if so, how do they go about obtaining it? The Cost Of Education The cost of higher education varies by type of institution. Tuition is highest at private 4-year institutions, and lowest at public 2-year institutions. The private 4-year colleges nearly quadrupled their average tuition rates between 1975 and 1996. For private 4-year colleges, tuition and fees for the 1995-96 academic year averaged about $15,400, compared with about $5006 at public 4-year colleges. The cost of attending an institution of higher education includes not only tuition and fees, however, but also books and supplies, transportation, personal expenses and, sometimes, room and board. Although tuition and fees generally are substantially lower at public institutions than at private ones, the other student costs are about the same. According to MS-Encarta94,†the average cost for tuition, fees, and room and board for the 1995-96 academic year at private 4-year colleges was about $20,165. At public 4-year colleges the average combined cost was about $9290†³ (Encarta94). The cost of attending RIT is approximately $15700 per year. This does not include room and board, or books, and supplies . This cost falls in line with the national average. However , according to Rachel Shuman of the RIT Financial Aid Department,†the increase in cost at RIT was 4. 8 percent for the 1996-97 academic year over the 1995-96 academic year. † This falls 2. 2 percent below the national average for 4 year private institutions. Still, $15700 is a lot of dollars for an unemployed family man or woman with little or no income. The Cost Of Living Factor Though the Cost Of Living is not directly related to tuition it is still a major player in the decision making process. Is it possible to maintain a family financial structure while paying for an education? The cost of a mortgage, or rent, and other bills that are associated with living adds up to many thousands of dollars per year. These costs in addition to what the tuition, books, and supplies total are expected, and have to be dealt with. The financial burden alone can seem over-whelming to some. But let us consider what the total cost of living and attending a four year private institution are. The Bureau of Census statistics for the County of Monroe indicate â€Å"that the approximate average income for a family of four is $50964. The poverty level for a family of four is approximately $15455†. These are statistics calculated for the 1995 calendar year. No newer statistics were available. With these statistics in mind we can then determine the financial model we must follow. This model will determine what the total yearly outlay a family of four must shoulder in order to send a person to RIT. The Financial Burden First and foremost a family has to live. The Census data indicates that the minimum a family must earn is â€Å"a poverty level income. † So, let’s assume a family needs $16000 per year for living expenses. The cost of attending RIT is $15651 per year. Books and supplies are approximately $1200 per year. Finally, travel expenses will be approximately $500 per year. I am assuming that one spouse will be working to cover the living expenses. So, I am excluding medical and dental costs. These costs are partially or fully covered by an employer. In the event they are not let us include them in the poverty scenario, which basically means the family must pay the costs. The total amount of funds needed are $17700 the first year. If you increase that number by 4. 8% each year thereafter you can come up with the projected amount for each school year. The $17700 figure remains the obstacle to overcome. This cost has to be covered by Financial Aid. If this cost cannot be covered by the available system, the student will not be able to pursue a standard four year degree at RIT. Family’s Will Strain It’s going to be tougher to pay for college in 1996, and that’s going to widen the gap in enrollment between rich and poor students that the nation has struggled three decades to close. Average tuition at four-year colleges will increase 6 percent this school year, double the rate of inflation. But family income isn’t keeping pace; â€Å"after adjusting for inflation, the average family has gained hardly any ground in the 1990s,† says the Department of Labor. As a result, says the Department of Education,†sending a student to a private college in 1996 without any grants or loans will require more than a third of a typical family’s income and nearly two thirds of the income of a working-poor family. † The Government Student aid is not increasing fast enough to plug the growing gap between tuition and family finances. The federal government supplies 75 percent of student aid. But the value of federal grants has eroded sharply, covering only 10 percent of tuition today, compared with 20 percent a decade ago. The Financial Aid Page explains that: Congress’s budget-cutting Republicans want to spend $450 million less in 1996 on student grants, a move that education officials say would take nearly 200,000 student off the grant rolls. Also at risk: a new federal program that helps less affluent students by permitting them to repay federal loans over a longer period if their incomes’ after graduation are modest (Kantrowitz). Not surprisingly, the American Council on Education an  organization of colleges and universities, recently reported that fewer colleges than in the early 1990’s report enrollment increases among black and Hispanic students, who are generally less able to pay for college. Once in school, more and more students must work to pay their tuition bills. At least 40 percent of full-time undergraduate students are earning while they learn, says the ACE. The prognosis isn’t encouraging. â€Å"The tuition spiral is not likely to end, nor is student aid likely to catch up anytime soon,† write college cost experts Lawrence Gladieux and Arthur Hauptman in a new report, â€Å"The College Aid Quandary. † To a nation that likes to think of itself as a meritocracy, not merely a bastion of privilege, that’s a disturbing message (Kantrowitz). Well, that’s a lot of important statistical information. Enough I think that most people would like to throw this paper out and forget the whole idea of returning to school. But not so fast, there is a light at the end of this tunnel! Where Should I Begin My Search? The financial aid office at the school you plan to attend is the best place to begin your search for free information. The financial aid administrator can tell you about student aid available from the federal government, your state government, the school itself, and other sources. You can also find free information about student aid in the reference section of your local library (usually listed under â€Å"student aid† or â€Å"financial aid†). These materials usually include information about federal, state, institutional, and private aid. The major source of student financial aid is the U. S. Department of Education. Nearly 70 percent of the student aid that is awarded each year comes from the U. S. Department of Education programs (approximately $23. 4 billion in 1992-93). Student aid is also available from other federal agencies, such as the U. S. Public Health Service and the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The free student financial aid materials available in the financial aid office at your school include The Student Guide, a free booklet about financial aid from the U. S. Department of Education, and the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). (Education) Financial Aid for Older Students Many scholarship and fellowship programs do not have age restrictions. If there are restrictions, they are expressed in terms of the student’s year in school (e.g. , high school senior) and not as an age limit. Thus there are many awards for which older students are eligible, simply because the awards do not disqualify students based on age. Older students should conduct a search for aid just like younger students. There are no,†age restrictions on eligibility for federal student financial aid. Although many schools restrict eligibility for the school’s own financial aid programs to the first Bachelor’s degree, some schools will waive the restrictions when the student is an adult returning to school to earn a second degree in preparation for a career change† (Kantrowitz). The Financial Aid Office Following the advice of the sources I have used for compiling this research paper I contacted the Financial Aid Office at RIT and set up an interview. While waiting for the date of my appointment I compiled a list of questions I would ask the Financial Aid Officer(FAO). When the day of the interview was at hand I was prepared. The FAO’s at RIT are assigned to students alphabetically. My FAO is Rachel Schuman and she was genuinely surprised that I had a prepared list of questions. Here is a synopsis of that interview. I asked her what the total cost of attending RIT would be for the coming school year? What expenses are incurred? What are the chances of being turned down? She was fairly straightforward about answering most of the questions that I posed. However on some sticky issues she was reserved. At one point she had to check with her boss for an answer. I wondered if she was merely asking her boss if it was against policy to answer certain questions. There were a number times that she simply pointed across the hall to admissions. Indicating that they could answer my questions better. The basic answers were that Yes RIT gives Merit Scholarships, and that probably some type of loans and/or work study program would be required. Mrs. Schuman then told me that if you are eligible for aid you will receive it. I was not particularly encouraged by her explanations and as I found out later I as right. The first thing you have to do is get accepted by the College Admissions Department. This in itself is another bureaucratic nightmare. I talked to Al Biles the Assistant Dean of Computer Information Technology and said, â€Å"Just go over to admissions and sign up. † Well when I got to admissions I paid my fee and waited for three weeks for a letter that never came. Instead I got a postcard telling me I need to get my GED. I went back to see Mrs. Schuman. Rachel then explained to me that there is a process for obtaining financial aid. You must first fill out all necessary forms and applications. Then according to the information you supply you will be assigned a Student Aid Report(SAR). The SAR will show your Expected Family Contribution(EFC). Then your EFC is subtracted from the schools Cost of  Attendance which gives your FAO the students Financial need. Based on my interview with Rachel Schuman it became apparent that I needed to arrange an interview with admissions. In order to clear up the two unanswered questions. But, before I left, Mrs. Schuman gave me three applications to fill out. The FAFSA, the New York State Tuition Assistance(TAP) application, and the RIT Application For 1997-98 Financial Aid For Continuing Undergraduate Students. At this point it was becoming very clear to me that there is money available, but the process is slow and filled with bureaucratic red tape. I guess if you want to play though, you might as well play with the big kids. Admissions Shortly after my talk with Rachel Schuman I telephoned Renee Minnich. Renee Minnich is the Assistant Director of the Office of Admissions for RIT. I asked her,†What portion of the most recently admitted class is paying full tuition? † Her reply, â€Å"Practically nil. Most of our students receive aid. Those that do are working full time and attend class at night. But they are usually subsidized by their employers. † â€Å"Do you package preferentially? † â€Å"Yes we have merit based scholarships for outstanding students. But we attempt to meet the needs of each student individually. † Conclusion Well there we have it. The system at RIT is set up as a meritocracy for the most part. Those students which have proven themselves in High School or are transfer students have a far better chance of receiving grants and scholarships. The rest of the students will receive some sort of loan relief. Still others will receive aid based on their financial situation. The system is complicated and you the student are at its mercy. Remember also, you must get admitted first before you need apply for financial aid.

The Crucible Diary

I cannot believe that John Proctor! Why has he chosen his sniveling wife over me? I am more of a woman than Goody Proctor. Goody Proctor does possess of the qualities needed of a good wife. She is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, simple, and talented. However, I possess the qualities of a lover. I am intelligent, able, and adventurous. To be blatantly honest, I think any man would be lucky to call me his wife. Diary, why am I good enough for any man, but I am not good enough for the man I desire? I know why. It is because I want a married man. Diary, do you agree that John should leave Goody Proctor and marry me? Do you think I am better than she is? I believe I would be a much better wife. Think about it, if Goody Proctor were good to John would he have come to me? I do not believe so. To me, it is the duty of a wife to keep her husband satisfied and in line. However, if John had not strayed from his wife, John would have never sought me. If John had never sought me, I would have never felt love. John may have sought me, but he is still married to Goody Proctor. She is keeping me from my John. Because of that, I loathe her. There is not a single thing in the world that she can do that I cannot. She can cook, clean, and pray. I can do all that, and even more! I am willing to do anything to be with my John. All I want is to be with him. Diary, do you have any ideas to cause the end of the Proctor marriage? I believe I do. I will receive vengeance on Goody Proctor. I will claim that Goody Proctor is a witch! It is a brilliant idea. When Salem village hears of this, the village people will believe it and order her hanging. It is genius! I would be overcome with joy to see the body of Goody Proctor hanging. At last, I would be with my beloved John! Oh Diary, I know it is a terrible to wish death upon someone, but in this case, Goody Proctor's death is necessary in order for John and me to be together. Diary, I need to be with John. He loves me and I love him. I know we are destined to be with one another. Diary, I thank you for listening to me. You have always been a faithful friend. Besides John, no one seems to want to listen to me, Oh, how I miss my John! Oh no, I fear Uncle has arrived home. I must go. He will be expecting me. I promise I will write again soon. Love, Abbey

How to Write a Compare #038; Contrast Essay in Shakespeare Studies A Full Guide for Students

How to Write a Compare #038; Contrast Essay in Shakespeare Studies A Full Guide for Students At a glance, a compare and contrast essay seems to be a simple task – after all, you just have to analyze two entities and point out their similarities and differences. However, even this seemingly unassuming type of academic work has its peculiarities and specifics that may cause difficulties for inexperienced students. For example, you cannot just randomly take two things and start comparing them. The entities you analyze should have enough in common to be compared meaningfully – i.e., you cannot compare things that belong to completely different categories. Within the boundaries of Shakespeare studies, you can choose two of the poet’s plays from the same period, or compare his comedies and tragedies in general, or analyze two sonnets written at different periods of his life and compare in what ways their language, themes and imagery is different. In other words, when it comes to compare and contrast essays, the choice of subject matter defines to a large degree the future success of your writing. How to Choose a Suitable Topic for a Compare and Contrast Essay in Shakespeare Studies The main problem with writing on Shakespeare studies in general and writing compare and contrast essays in particular is that it is extremely hard to find anything remotely original to work with. Shakespeare’s works have been a subject of the most meticulous and organized research over the last few centuries. Although Shakespeare was a relatively prolific writer, the body of his work is still limited, and all possible comparative analyses have already been carried out multiple times. Of course, an essay does not require the same degree of originality as a thesis or a dissertation, but you still should avoid trite and commonplace topics like ‘Comparison between the characters of Juliet from Romeo and Juliet and Ophelia from Hamlet’. Here are some suggestions on how you can come up with topics that are a little more creative. 1. Go Beyond Shakespeare It is very easy to get locked in writing about Shakespeare and his works per se, but it does not have to be so. There are plenty of ways to run comparisons between Shakespeare-related subjects and other things. For example, you can compare Shakespeare (his literary works, role in the development of Elizabethan theatre, language, etc.) with other writers of the time. Or you can compare classic and contemporary productions of his plays, etc. The fact that the authorship of many Shakespeare’s plays is still contested makes this type of topic even more interesting. 2. Compare Shakespeare’s Works with the Sources of His Plots Shakespeare lived in the age when retelling existing stories has been a normal practice that did not raise any eyebrows. In fact, most if not all of his plays are dramatizations of the plots from well-known sources, such as Plutarch and Holinshed. For example, Romeo and Juliet originates from and closely follows Arthur Brooke’s poem Romeus and Juliet, which in turn is based on a sequence of very similar stories whose earliest iteration can be found in the Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Comparison of various versions of stories told by Shakespeare opens up a broad venue for potential research. 3. Compare Shakespeare’s Works with Later Interpretations Alternatively, you can turn to the ever-growing number of reinterpretations of Shakespeare’s plots created after his death. Unlike his predecessors, these works usually clearly refer to Shakespeare as their inspiration, but the alterations introduced in them are often quite dramatic. 4. Compare Unrelated Characters from Different Shakespeare’s Plays Characters originating from the same play are a natural choice for a compare and contrast essay, which is exactly why you should avoid such topics – you can be sure that the majority of your peers will choose something along these lines. It is much better to compare characters that are rarely mentioned together. Ideally, they should come from different plays and have few characteristics that would make them obviously relatable to each other (e.g., Shylock from The Merchant of Venice and Caliban from The Tempest). Be inventive, find ways to draw parallels between them, and you will be able to write an interesting paper. 5. Pay Attention to the Language Shakespeare was a master of reflecting the nature of his characters through the language they used. Focus on the way characters talk, pick several of them that are notably similar or different in both their identity and the way they express themselves, and analyze the connections between these two factors. As you can see, there are many more promising approaches to writing a compare and contrast essay on Shakespeare studies than to simply compare characters from his plays. Here are just some examples of what you can come up with if you think a little: Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Brooke’s Romeus and Juliet: Parallels and Differences; King Henry V from the Eponymous Shakespeare’s Play: What Makes Him an Outstanding Leader and How He Compares with Famous Real-Life Leaders; A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Contrasting Views on Love among Humans and Fairies; Similarities and Differences between Caesar’s assassination from Julius Caesar and other famous political assassinations; Macbeth and Malcolm: What Makes These Men Different and Similar to Each Other? Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay on Shakespeare: Pre-Writing Tips Preparation is a huge part of work on a compare and contrast essay. Do it right, and the actual writing will boil down to putting on paper the arguments you have already formulated. 1. Define Similarities and Differences Do a bit of brainstorming and jot down all traits that make the subjects under analysis different and similar to each other. You can simply write down all these traits in two columns or, if you are more visually-oriented, draw a Venn diagram – these can be very useful for organizing your thoughts. Make the characteristics opposing each other in different lists similar so that their opposition makes sense (e.g., Iago is cowardly and treacherous while Othello is brave and naà ¯ve). 2. Define Your Main Argument A proper compare and contrast essay is much more than a simple enumeration of similarities and differences. It should use them as nothing more than building blocks for an overarching argument, showing the parallels and contrasts as parts of a bigger picture. Look through the lists you have made and ask yourself: Which points are significant and relevant? Are there any patterns? How are the points you have listed relevant for your course? Which similarities and differences run deep and which are superficial and can be dismissed? In general, what is more significant: the similarities or the differences? Differentiate between what is relevant and what is important. For example, if you analyze parallels between A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Macbeth, you can notice that the theme of nature plays a role in both of them. However, the same can be said about any number of other Shakespeare’s plays, so this fact, being relevant, is not important. 3. Formulate Your Thesis A thesis is an extremely important element of a compare and contrast essay because the rest of your paper is going to revolve around it. It will show the reader that you have a focused argument from the outset, preventing them from getting lost in different lines of argumentations. By pointing out your main idea from the very beginning, you indicate what the reader should pay attention to in your writing. A thesis statement should be: Short (no longer than a single complex sentence); To the point (it should express your point without extra preliminaries); Unambiguous (it should make clear what you want to say, without any vagueness). You can use this as an example: â€Å"Although Shylock is obviously the villain of The Merchant of Venice, when compared to Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta it becomes obvious that Shakespeare made his character much more human, sympathetic and realistic†. Compare and Contrast Essay on Shakespeare Studies: The Writing Phase Step 1. Choose the Type of Structure There are two common ways of structuring a compare and contrast essay: Point by Point With this approach, you pick a single important point of comparison at a time and compare the subjects you discuss in relation to it. For example, if you compare Julius Caesar and Henry V, you can focus on their personal courage, ability to inspire other people, speechcraft abilities etc., and discuss each of these characteristics separately. Either dedicate a single paragraph to cover both characters or, if you want a more in-depth approach, spend an entire paragraph to analyze a character from the perspective of a chosen characteristic. Pay attention to the placement of your points and remember that the point you mention the last will make the greatest impression on the reader. Thus, if you want the reader to draw a specific conclusion from your paper, make a point supporting it the last one. Subject by Subject With this approach, you take one subject and tell everything there is to tell about it, then move on to the next one and do the same. E.g., you describe the character of Julius Caesar in its entirety, then do the same for Henry V. Usually, this approach is better for shorter essays – sometimes you can fit your entire description of a subject into a single paragraph. If you need multiple paragraphs to do so, try keeping their structure parallel: e.g., use a paragraph apiece to describe Julius Caesar’s character, relations with other people and qualities as a ruler, than use three similar paragraphs for Henry V. The problem with this approach is that it is very easy to turn your essay into a mere list of points, while your instructors are likely to expect something more in-depth. Therefore, if you use this approach you need a very definite analytical thesis as a basis, plus at least a paragraph or two to bring all your conclusions together. Step 2. Write an Outline An outline is akin to a short plan of your essay: you jot down what you want to write in each paragraph, what quotations you intend to use, how you connect your arguments and so on. If you prepare a detailed enough outline, you will be able to use it as a frame and simply flesh it out, adding more arguments and making sure it all looks well together. 1. Add Supporting Evidence Your opinion is not enough to prove a point – you have to back up your statements with additional evidence: quotes from Shakespeare’s plays, other authors and scholars who studied Shakespeare before you, historical data, linguistic analysis of the poet’s works, etc. Don’t forget to point out why the information you introduce is relevant and important. 2. Use Cue Words This will make your essay easier to read and comprehend. You can make parallels and differences clearer with the help of words like these: Unlike, like, similarly, compared to, despite, contrasted with, however, likewise. Proofreading and Editing Your Compare and Contrast Essay on Shakespeare After you have finished writing, your still have work to do. How much time and effort you put into proofreading and editing can be just as important for the overall result as the writing per se. 1. Set Your Essay Aside If you organized yourself properly, you should have enough time to leave your essay alone for a couple of days. Do this and don’t look at it – this will help you forget it a little bit, and when you see it next time, your perception will be fresh. 2. Reread the Essay Multiple Times Many things can go wrong: spelling, punctuation, formatting, grammar, etc. Take your time to reread your essay multiple times, focusing on one aspect at a time. An essay is not a very large paper, so you can afford it even if the deadline is close. 3. Make a List of Your Common Mistakes Every person has drawbacks that are characteristic of him or her: a specific spelling error, two similar words that one constantly mixes up, etc. Make a list of the mistakes you know you should look out for, and keep it nearby every time you proofread a paper. 4. Use a Proofreading Tool There are plenty of online proofreading tools like Grammarly. They can be a lot of help, especially if your own grasp of grammar and syntax is a bit shaky. However, do not rely on them too much – they miss many mistakes and often flag correct structures as incorrect. As you can see, there is a lot more to writing compare and contrast essays on Shakespeare studies than meets the eye. We hope that with the help of this guide you will be able to write assignments of this type without any problems in future.

Rich Halloween Moviemakers Hire Cheap Copywriters

Rich Halloween Moviemakers Hire Cheap Copywriters Rich Halloween Moviemakers Hire Cheap Copywriters Rich Halloween Moviemakers Hire Cheap Copywriters By Guest Author This is a guest post by Kevin Craner. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. What’s the scariest thing about Halloween II?   The chilling music?   The gore?   The sight of Michael Myers raising his blood-soaked knife to yet another helpless victim?   Well, if you care about grammar, the scariest thing is the blurb on the back of the DVD box.   Read it, and you’ll learn that Halloween Uncut grossed $80 million worldwide.   That’s plenty of money with which to hire the best copywriters, the best proofreaders, the best- well, the best everyone and everything.   So how did the error in the sentence below make it in to print? But the town’s got an unlikely new hero, if they can only stay alive long enough to stop the unstoppable. If you’re not sure what the error is, ask yourself this:  which word does the pronoun they replace?   You might think it replaces hero.   And on the face of it, that makes sense- after all, the hero is the one who will â€Å"stop the unstoppable.†Ã‚   But there’s a problem: it can’t replace hero, because hero is singular whereas they is plural. O.K, so if it doesn’t replace hero, it must replace town.   But there’s another problem: it can’t replace town, because town is also singular.   You know it’s singular because the writer used a singular verb (has rather than have).   Remove the contraction and this becomes clear: But the town has got an unlikely new hero The sentence is, therefore, a meaningless mess.   They refers to neither the town nor the hero.   The reader has to guess what the writer meant.   (If you’re wondering, there’s nothing in the preceding blurb to which the they could refer.) Remember: Whenever you use a pronoun, check that it agrees in number with the word that it replaces- that is, unless it’s Halloween and you want to scare an English teacher. U.K. resident Kevin Craner is a lawyer and writer.   He has written comedy for the BBC, and is a regular contributor to â€Å"Humor Press†- winning first place in its June/July 2009 competition.   He also writes a humor blog.   Ã‚   Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†I wish I were...

Linearbandkeramik Culture - The First Farmers of Europe

Linearbandkeramik Culture - The First Farmers of Europe The Linearbandkeramik Culture (also called Bandkeramik or Linear Pottery Ceramic Culture or simply abbreviated LBK) is what German archaeologist F. Klopfleisch called the first true farming communities in central Europe, dated between about 5400 and 4900 BC. Thus, LBK is considered the first Neolithic culture in the European continent. The word Linearbandkeramik refers to the distinctive banded decoration found on pottery vessels on sites spread throughout central Europe, from south-western Ukraine and Moldova in the east to the Paris Basin in the west. In general, LBK pottery consists of fairly simple bowl forms, made of local clay tempered with organic material, and decorated with curved and rectilinear lines incised in bands. The LBK people are considered the importers of agricultural products and methods, moving the first domesticated animals and plants from the Near East and Central Asia into Europe. Lifestyles of the LBK The very earliest LBK sites have loads of pottery sherds with limited evidence of agriculture or stock-breeding. Later LBK sites are characterized by longhouses with rectangular plans, incised pottery, and a blade technology for chipped stone tools. The tools include raw material of high-quality flints including a distinctive chocolate flint from southern Poland, Rijkholt flint from the Netherlands and traded obsidian. Domesticated crops used by the LBK culture include emmer and einkorn wheat, crab apple, peas, lentils, flax, linseed, poppies,  and barley. Domestic animals include cattle, sheep and goats, and occasionally a pig or two. The LBK lived in small villages along streams or waterways characterized by large longhouses, buildings used for keeping livestock, sheltering people and providing workspace. The rectangular longhouses were between 7 and 45 meters long and between 5 and 7 meters wide. They were built of massive timber posts chinked with wattle and daub mortar. LBK cemeteries are found a short distance away from the villages, and, in general, are marked by single flexed burials accompanied by grave goods. However, mass burials are known at some sites, and some cemeteries are located within communities. Chronology of the LBK The earliest LBK sites are found in the Starcevo-Koros culture of the Hungarian plain, around 5700 BC. From there, the early LBK spreads separately east, north and west. The LBK reached the Rhine and Neckar valleys of Germany about 5500 BC. The people spread into Alsace and the Rhineland by 5300 BC. By the mid-5th millennium BC, La Hoguette Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and LBK immigrants shared the region and, eventually, only LBK was left. Linearbandkeramik and Violence There seems to be considerable evidence that relationships between the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe and the LBK migrants were not entirely peaceful. Evidence for violence exists at many LBK village sites. Massacres of whole villages and portions of villages appear to be in evidence at sites such as Talheim, Schletz-Asparn, Herxheim, and Vaihingen. Mutilated remains suggesting cannibalism have been noted at Eilsleben and Ober-Hogern. The westernmost area appears to have the most evidence for violence, with about one-third of the burials showing evidence of traumatic injuries. Further, there is a fairly high number of LBK villages that evidence some kind of fortification efforts: an enclosing wall, a variety of ditch forms, complex gates. Whether this resulted from direct competition between local hunter-gatherers and competing LBK groups is under investigation; this kind of evidence can only be partly helpful. However, the presence of violence on Neolithic sites in Europe is under some amount of debate. Some scholars have dismissed the notions of violence, arguing that the burials and the traumatic injuries are evidence of ritual behaviors​, not inter-group warfare. Some stable isotope studies have noted that some mass burials are of non-local people; some evidence of slavery has also been noted. Diffusion of Ideas or People? One of the central debates among scholars about the LBK is whether the people were migrant farmers from the Near East or local hunter-gatherers who adopted the new techniques. Agriculture, animal and plant domestication both, originated in the Near East and Anatolia. The earliest farmers were the Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic groups. Were the LBK people direct descendants of the Natufians or were they others who were taught about the agriculture? Genetic studies suggest that the LBK were genetically separate from the Mesolithic people, arguing for a migration of the LBK people into Europe, at least originally. LBK Sites The earliest LBK sites are located in the modern Balkan states about 5700 BC. Over the next few centuries, the sites are found in Austria, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and eastern France. France: Berry-au-Bac, Merzbachtal, Cuiry-les-ChaudardesBelgium: Blicquy, VerlaineGermany: Meindling, Schwanfeld, Vaihingen, Talheim, Flomborn, Aiterhofen, Dillingen, HerxheimUkraine: Buh-DniestrianRussia: Rakushechnyi YarNetherlands: Swifterbant, Brandwijk-Kerkhof

Project Modelling and Decision Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Modelling and Decision Methods - Essay Example The approach is primarily to evaluate property realistically of a specific location. In this exercise, we capture the trends in the past, make relevant assumptions of the future, address some challenges that can be foreseen and arrive at a conclusion. The simulation and the spread sheet model rationalize the decision and support the analysis to strengthen the reasoning behind potential investments and an assessment of the associated risks, if any. This paper applies structural methodology to estimating and forecasting the Central London office market. We assemble a time series covering for over a decade and estimate equations for net space absorption, movements in rents, and new building orders and other facilities along with new flourishing businesses. We also estimate a typical supply and demand relationship that yields a dynamically stable system. A spreadsheet model is an effective instrument for quantitative estimates based on a specific framework. The excel sheet embedded in this article is an illustrative version for capturing similar data for any property identified with required criteria in the prime location of Central London. While it a conscious decision not to engage in advanced computerization as it is not a pre-requisite, but ideally one of the outcomes of good asset management. The spreadsheet model suggested here is a methodological tool for understanding and improving the assessor's ability to consider all factors in Real Estate Project Modeling and deriving decisions accordingly which will also facilitate the process of financial planning and expectations. The logic of the framework and the attached spreadsheet model is fairly simple and follows the approach tested and used by Project owners. At the very outset, we should make quantified entry assumptions about parameters that define the total cost of office p roperty in Central Location. The model calculates the estimated cost and the anticipated returns. The key assumptions cover the following: Various costs per unit (such as land acquisition price per square feet, construction cost per square feet, costs of various furniture pieces, etc.) Space needed for Office Equipment and furniture required Costs of each component (Furniture, Total capital cost (land, building, equipment/furniture) For all the apparent simplicity of this framework, it still establishes a clear hierarchy of parameters: thus, the area of the location (i) Prevailing rate per square feet area and (ii) space utilization 3. Assess Investment The whole exercise is primarily to assess investment and every smart investment provides long-term capital appreciation and immediate, consistent rental yields however while modeling the project we need to have all the facts at our disposal. The prevailing rates of property based on the location chosen Establishment costs will always be significant, with stamp duty, legal and surveying fees and related costs

Executive Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Executive Summary - Assignment Example This initiative seeks to establish a customer support service within the outpatient section of the hospital to ensure that some services which were previously not being provided to the clients are made available to them (Wolper, 2011). Therefore, it is evident that many hospitals across the state lack personalised one on one interaction services to their clients whereby critical issues that affect them on the daily basis are discussed and relevant advice be given to them to ensure they stand a better position tackling those problems effectively (Cleverley, Cleverley & Song, 2011). This customer support service will be basically based on offering valuable information and advice to the clients of the hospital on crucial issues that include; the importance and use of contraceptives, cancer awareness, HIV/AIDS counselling and other home care information that the clients may seek to be enlightened on (Weese & Tucholka, 2007). The program will be a sensitization initiative that will be providing support services to clients on issues affecting them daily in their health life. According to a research that was conducted recently by the university of Liverpool it indicated many people who end up suffering from chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and other immune depressing ailments do so as a result of lack of adequate information on way od leading health lifestyles that will free them from the risk of contracting those disease (Guah, 2011). Basically the customer support service will be offering information to the clients on how to lead healthy lifestyles this will involve information on the types of food and physical activities that people need to take, consultation on the use of contraceptives and also advice on how to manage diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes etc. (Cleverley, Cleverley & Song, 2011). The customer support service that we intend to roll out

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pre-Coding Assignment

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pre-Coding - Assignment Example I cannot oppose the fact highlighted by Rousseau that indeed pre-coding is part and parcel of each research. The point is further made clear that pre-coding is a foundation of early planning and maintaining focus on essential parts of the research. I can add that pre-coding enables elimination of unwanted or unnecessary information that can, in turn, be misleading to the researcher and the readers. On the other hand, Rousseau failed to mention the disadvantages of pre-coding, but I think it is because he noted more of its benefits than the drawbacks it will bring in the topic of discussion. I find Donna’s arguments over the advantages of pre-coding to be very rational. To her, pre-coding is not just an activity, but a skill to be mastered by every researcher if he or she wants to summarize the data and at the same time retain all the vital data. Just like she refers to Patton’s (2002) suggestion on the process of organizing data, so do I strongly support that four steps are a must. Even though she argues that its disadvantage is that it works well only in a large amount of data, this may be a challenge and an opportunity for the researcher to be keener when handling errors.

Operation strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Operation strategy - Essay Example Customer requirements: This step involves identifying the market segments that is relevant for collection of information regarding the requirements of the customer. This step is important in QFD since it ensures that a firm does not waste resources in obtaining unnecessary information from the non-potential customers. This is also the first step which enables the firm to gain more knowledge about the existing market segments. Regulatory requirements: This benefits the firm during the creation of HOF as it provides the customer with the appropriate information about the requirement of the product. This makes the customer aware of the product and hence can participate in the process. Customer importance: This step allows the customer to rate the significance of the requirements on a scale of 1-5 which the given firm uses in creating the relationship matrix. From the customer importance the company obtains information about the relationship between the needs of the customer its ability to meet the needs. Customer rating of the competition: This is the fourth step and it benefits the given firm with tremendous competitive advantage considering that it obtains information about the strength of the competitors in the market. Through this step, an organization can remodel their strategies to outcompeting its rivals. Core competencies refer to the abilities that guide a firm in meeting the fundamental interest of the customers. The core competencies involve researching about the reason behind a customer choosing one product over another. Core competencies and operation management share a lot. In operation management, there is need for an organization to carry out a production process that is efficient and will maximize the profit realized. Normally, the organization strives for the highest efficiency as far as possible. This shows that the ability of a firm to achieve operation management relies on whether a firm has the core competencies. The organization, in

Book Explores Ways Faith Is Kept, or Lost, Over Generations Essay

Book Explores Ways Faith Is Kept, or Lost, Over Generations - Essay Example The advice provided to parents is to give religious freedom to their children once they offer their teachings and explain the importance of religion through actions and not hypocrisy. This freedom will make the youth still maintain going to church and holding on to their faith even if they change churches from what their parents go to. Children are in a better position to follow their parents’ teachings on religion more than youth and also teachings about religion coming from the paternal side are more cemented and followed compared to that from maternal side although this view sometimes changes depending on religion. I agree with the author on the issue of children following their parents’ religion and faith more than the youth. This is majorly influence by the growth and development liberation coming with adolescence and wanting to explore for themselves the truth behind religion and hence the need to move to other churches. After the process of rediscovery and â€Å"growing up,† those with staunch religious background and good example eventually return to religion and faith. Oppenheimer, M. (January 31st, 2014). â€Å"Book Explores Ways Faith Is Kept, or Lost, Over Generations.† The New York Times. Retrieved from:

Running Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Running Economy - Essay Example Unfortunately the authors did not report the extent of the improvements in running performance. Yet it is well known that even a small increase in running economy dramatically improves running performance. Secondly in a study by Paavolainen et al, (1999) found that 9 weeks of explosive resistance training (plyometrics) improved running economy by 8.1% and this resulted in a 3.1% improvement in 5km running time without an increase in VO2max. The authors claim improved neuromuscular characteristics lead to this improvement. Running economy can be improved with resistance training and all endurance athletes studied performed resistance training without causing a reduction in VO2max or other endurance measures, thereby dispelling the myth that resistance training will hinder aerobic performance. However more studies are needed in this area to support these observations in already highly trained runners. All future studies should also always include a measure of performance e.g. Improved race time or time trial performance. It is well documented that the main physiological prerequisites for success in endurance events are VO2max, lactate threshold and running economy (in running events). In elite athletes, the VO2max has been found to be the dominant factor of success in endurance events. Traditionally, the training in endurance events such as long distance running and cross-country skiing has been targeted to improve the function of the cardio respiratory system to increase the VO2max, aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. There has been little attention to the anaerobic performance ability in endurance events. It is well documented that explosive strength and speed training cause specific adaptation to the neuromuscular system improving explosive force production ability such as rate of force development, increased rate of activation of motor units, improved anaerobic energy production and neural adaptation. When endurance athletes (runners, cross-country skiers) have engaged in explosive strength and sp eed training, it has been found that the endurance performance was improved significantly. Also, it has been noted that endurance athletes performing well in explosive strength tests outperformed their fellow athletes in endurance tests. Paavolainen et al. (1991) reported that national level cross-country skiers who engaged in explosive type strength training in addition to their normal training, were able improve their force-times i.e. improve their ability to produce a given amount of force in shorter time. This was also described by a significant improvement of jump heights in both static and counter movement jumps, whereas their counterparts in control group did not. The authors concluded that the explosive type strength training is beneficial to the cross-country skiers, which improves their force production ability without reduction in aerobic capacity. In another study, Paavolainen et al. (1999) studied the effects of explosive-strength training on 5-km running performance. In this study, the endurance athletes were able to improve their 20-m sprint time, 5-jumps and maximal isometric force in leg extensors as a result of explosive-strength type training. What was interesting, these athletes were also able to improve t

Book Explores Ways Faith Is Kept, or Lost, Over Generations Essay

Book Explores Ways Faith Is Kept, or Lost, Over Generations - Essay Example The advice provided to parents is to give religious freedom to their children once they offer their teachings and explain the importance of religion through actions and not hypocrisy. This freedom will make the youth still maintain going to church and holding on to their faith even if they change churches from what their parents go to. Children are in a better position to follow their parents’ teachings on religion more than youth and also teachings about religion coming from the paternal side are more cemented and followed compared to that from maternal side although this view sometimes changes depending on religion. I agree with the author on the issue of children following their parents’ religion and faith more than the youth. This is majorly influence by the growth and development liberation coming with adolescence and wanting to explore for themselves the truth behind religion and hence the need to move to other churches. After the process of rediscovery and â€Å"growing up,† those with staunch religious background and good example eventually return to religion and faith. Oppenheimer, M. (January 31st, 2014). â€Å"Book Explores Ways Faith Is Kept, or Lost, Over Generations.† The New York Times. Retrieved from:

Hazardous material managment and HAZMAT teams Case Study

Hazardous material managment and HAZMAT teams - Case Study Example Proper management of hazardous materials entails minimization of the risks associated with such materials to the entire society while at the same time avoiding shifting of the risks to other sectors. This paper explores the issues of hazardous management and the Hazmat team. Hazardous materials encompass all materials classified as having the potential to cause harm or affect the wellbeing of people, the environment as well as property (Raven, Hassenzahi & Berge, 2011). Such materials fall into different categories including radiological and nuclear particles, biological and chemical materials. Threats of bioterrorism have seen classification of various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsial agents among other toxins as potential hazardous biological materials (Public Safety Canada, 2011). Classification of these microbes as hazardous materials lies in their ability to be dispersed in aerosols and the health risks they pose on the people and the environment. Health complications associated with these biological agents pose lethal and disabling threats to humankind. Radiological and nuclear materials on the other hand pose great health risks on exposure to people, animals and other components of the ecosystem due to their ability to react and damage living cells as well as induction of changes in the genome. Chemical substances with the potential to influence the normal functioning of the human body and the ecosystem also fall under the category of hazardous chemicals or materials. Hazardous material incidences refer emergencies or incidents that pose great risks of infections, contamination and potentials long-term effects on the wellbeing of people and the environment (Raven, Hassenzahi & Berge, 2011). The scope of hazardous materials incidents entails fires, explosions, chemical leakages and spills, and hazardous material transportation accidents among other incidences such as bioterrorism attacks.

How does Foreign Direct Investment affect the Malaysia economy

How does Foreign Direct Investment affect the Malaysia economy II. Literature Review FDI in Private Sector (Private Investment) Economic report (2010/2011) indicates that the private investment was rebound from -17.2% in year 2009 to 15.2% in year 2010 and in year 2011, private investment will stable in 10.2%. Department of Statistics, Malaysia (DOSM) (2010) indicates that in first half of 2010 the private sector capital grew by 46.6%. The largest contribution in private investment is services sector 47.2%, following mining and electricity sector and manufacturing sector which is 25.4% and 21.1% (Economic Report, 2010/2011). In the first seven months of 2010, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) approved 545 investment projects which are totally RM16.6 billion to improving domestic economy and FDI (Economic Report, 2010/2011). The three main largest foreign direct investment countries from Singapore, Japan, and United States and in term of location in Malaysia, the state of Selangor, Johor, and Penang was become the largest approved investment (Economic Report, 2010/2011). Economic Report (2010/2 011) also indicate that FDI fall from USD7.3 billion in year 2008 to USD1.4 billion in year 2009 which is drop by 81.1%. Economic Report (2010/2011) point out Malaysia government should more focusing on more sizable and high-impart investment, promote private sector-led growth and as facilitator to enhance private investment and attract more domestic and foreign investments. FDI inflows are projected to increase because supported by government which government provided a conductive business environment and gradual revival of capital expenditure. (Economic Report, 2010/2011). Most foreign company are making profits because Malaysias investments is broad-based which largely in manufacturing, agriculture, oil and gas, and services (Economic Report, 2010/2011). AmResearch Sdn Bhd senior economist, Manokaran Mottain said that if want attract more foreign investors to improve FDI, the Malaysia government will introduce public-private sector partnership as role in business (Tan, The Star, 2010). In Najib Tun Abdul Razak (2010) 2011 budget speech, one of the strategic to improve the private investment is Reinvigorating Private Investment. In reinvigorating private investment strategic got around 20 different sub-strategic, different strategic will enhance in different aspects in private investment. So, the main strategic to improve the whole private investment is public-private partnership initiatives, high impart strategic development, and revitalizing capital market (2011 Budget Speech, 2010). In public-private partnership (PPP) initiatives, Najib Tun Abdul Razak (2010) indicates that The government will provide allocation as a tipping point for infrastructure support to ensure viability of private sector-led projects. All the PPP projects identified in 10th Malaysia Plan will enhance the private sector investment, for example, construction of highway, construction of a 300-megawatt combined-cycle gas power plan, and development projects like hospital. The total private investment will be implemented in 2011 is RM12.5 billion. In high impact strategic development, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) agree to develop the Kuala Lumpur International Financial District (KLIFD) which will commencing in 2011 and the value of KLIFD will be reach at RM26 billion. The important of develop KLIFD is strength Malaysias position as the premier international Islamic financial hub and government is consider to promote special incentive packages to attract foreign investor to KLIFD. Another project in this strategic are the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) in Greater KL, estimate of RM40 billion in private investment; Malaysian Rubber Board land in Sungai Buloh, estimate of RM10 billion in private investment and also Petronas Twin Tower, estimate of RM5 billion in private investment. Malaysia government will implement seven measures to enhance the cooperation with foreign bourses which is first, divest their shareholdings in major companies by government-linked investment companies (GLICs); second, for better return to foreign investors, GLICs allowed to increase investment in overseas market; third, certain listing company will offer higher public shareholding like Petronas Chemicals Sdn. Bhd.; forth, launch sukuk and conventional bond by Bursa Malaysia; and the last one is Securities Commission (SC) will offer three new stock broking licenses, increase the number of Proprietary Day Traders, and facilitate process and procedures for listing companies. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Economic growth in Malaysia A large number of studies was suggest that foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important source to the economic growth in Malaysia, the FDI bring in the capital investment, technology, create new job opportunity for economic growth. FDI not only stimulate the economic growth but also stimulate the growth of industrial sector and transform the Malaysia economic structure from agricultural into major producer and exporter of manufactured goods (Jajri, 2009). Karimi and Yusop (2009) examine that causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in Malaysia. Karimi and Yusop (2009) suggest that FDI has indirect effect on economic growth in Malaysia. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test done by Karimi and Yusop (2009) suggest that there is no strong enough evidence of a bi-directional causality between FDI and economic growth. Karimi and Yusop (2009) indicate that two variables such as technology transfer and productivity have indirect relationship in FDI and growth of economic and the most important mention by them is the performance of one variable does contribute to stability of another variable. This meaning that the performance in a sector will be affect to each other, for example, stability of manufacturing sector will enhance the private investment in private sector. Har, Teo Yee (2008) examine that the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia for the period 1970 to 2005 using the time series data. Har et al. (2008) determined that there is a positive relationship between the FDI and economic growth based on their empirical result and FDI was played an important role in Malaysias economy. To achieve economy development of Malaysia, government should concern the importance of FDI in economy growth; for example, encourage more foreign direct investment to increase the employment in Malaysia and advance technology in production can increase more skilled labor to increase productivity (Har et al., 2008). Although the empirical result showed that has a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth, but it has bringing some negative effect on some sector, for example, domestic producer, they will facing difficulties to survive in the market because the foreign investor become monopoly and losing the market power. Therefore, Har et al. (2008) were suggesting that government should implement some policies like joint venture to make a win-win situation between domestic producer and foreign direct investor. Har et al. (2008) also indicate that the political stability is an important role in FDI because the new policies implemented by government will be affects the decision making of foreign direct investor. Jajri (2009) examines the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) over the growth of the Malaysia for the period of 1970 to 2003. Based on the empirical result done by Jajri (2009), the result showed that FDI was significant influence on the growth rate of Malaysias economy and has a strong market and macroeconomic stability to promote FDI. Jajri (2009) shown the human capital was more important in FDI because it can improve the productivity, innovative capabilities, and strengthening the supporting industries to attract more foreign investment. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in manufacturing sector growth Yusop and A.Ghaffar (1994) examined that several quantitative factors that was influence FDI in Malaysian manufacturing sector. In this study, Yusop and A.Ghaffar (1994) indicate that gross national product (GNP), interest rate, external reserve, manufacturing output, economic health, currency stability, local financing, availability of adequate human and physical infrastructure are important factors to influence the FDI in manufacturing sector. Oman (1984) defined that a foreign entity own majorities of the equities in firm should be consideration involve in FDI activities. So, the purpose of Yusop and A.Ghaffar (1994) in this study is measure the company is consider as FDI company if the company has at least 50% of equities. After this study was done, Yusop and A.Ghaffar (1994) suggest few aspects can improve the FDI in manufacturing sector. First, the result show that between the (LMOG) and FDI have a positive relationship, that meaning human aspect and physical infrastructures ar e related to manufacturing sector and it is important for foreign investor (Yusop and A.Ghaffar, 1994). So, to attract the foreign direct investment in manufacturing sector, Yusop and A.Ghaffar (1994) suggest the provision of a well trained and efficient labour force, special or subsidized industrial sites, and other infrastructural facilities. Second, to increase the flow of FDI, the allocation of special fund or credit facilities for firm also important, for example, the local finance is the important consideration for foreign investor because it will affect their FDI decision (Yusop and A.Ghaffar 1994). Third, tax incentive is the important element to improve and increase the flow of FDI, the policy maker can utilize tax incentive to leading the FDI activities in manufacturing sector (Yusop and A.Ghaffar 1994). Chandran V.G.R (2008) found that FDI was a determinant in manufacturing sector in his empirical analysis about examines the FDI over manufacturing growth in Malaysia which is in developing country during 1970 to 2003. Chandran V.G.R (2008) suggests that to improve the FDI in manufacturing sectors, the first action is focus on improving productivity and innovative capabilities. Quality of FDI can only be attracted if the host country has the ability to improve the manufacturing outputs through productivity gain rather than depending on the traditional factor of production (Chandran V.G.R, 2008). Chandran V.G.R (2008) also suggests that to more focus on education institution and the industrial needs to build up human capital stock and improve the level of education. In additional, the networks of foreign universities affiliation with local institution are important because those will enhance the competitive advantage of the manufacturing sectors. The last strategic suggest by Chandran V.G.R (2008) is the relationship between the local supplier and foreign investor must strengthened through network cohesion for many manufacturing firms. A strong supply chain must be establish so that foreign investors will realize that the local supplier in Malaysia also capable to fulfill their need in delivering material. Incentives and maintain attractiveness in Malaysia for FDI Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. (2003) examines the concept of FDI in developing country such as Malaysia, Mexico and South Africa in his paper. Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. (2003) showed that there are some reasons to make the Malaysia become attractive in FDI like the Malaysia undervalue currency, low inflation rate, low cost of labor. Malaysias National Economic Program (NERP) also became a attractive for foreign investor, it is because the six objective of the NERP enhance the confident of the foreign investor and Malaysia plans to become industrialized nation by year 2020 (Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A., 2003). Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A. (2003) indicate that the Labuan is the city with tax haven, free regulation and law, and full natural resources like oil and gas to attract foreign investor to invest in Malaysia. The Malaysias investment policy provides incentive to foreign investor such as Promotion of Investment Act 1986 and the Income Tax Act 1967. This Act provides incentive in many sector so that fo reign investor can enjoy the advantages like full or partial exemption from income tax, for example, Malaysia current income tax rate was 30%. Consequences, foreign investor can get higher rate of return on their investment (Oti-Prempeh, Abenaa A., 2003). Duasa, J (2007) also indicate that Malaysia has attract a large portion of FDI inflow after Malaysia introduce the Investment Incentive Act 1968 and the Free Trade Zone during the second Malaysia Plan (1971-1975). In Chandran V.G.R (2008) opinion, the Malaysia can maintaining their attractiveness for FDI is because of moderate overall cost, political stability, and good infrastructure. In the other hand, FDI liberalization in Malaysia also provide incentives to foreign investor, Chandran V.G.R (2008) suggest that Malaysia should focus on providing labor force and complementary asset in the long run to maintaining the attractiveness of Malaysia. In manufacturing and agricultural sectors, Malaysia was providing incentives to let the foreign company or investor to enjoy different advantages when they invest in Malaysia. The two major incentives provide by Malaysia government are pioneer status and investment tax allowance (ITA). In Pioneer Status, A company grated Pioneer Status enjoys a 5-years partial exemption from the payment of income tax and it pays tax on 30% of its statutory income. (MIDA, 2010). In addition, Malaysia also provides the promoted area to encourage foreign direct investment. Invest in promoted area such as Sarawak, Perlis, Sabah and some certain area can enjoying a 100% tax exemption on statutory income during in 5 years exemption period (MIDA, 2010). In investment tax allowance (ITA), a company can apply ITA to grant an allowance of 60% on qualifying capital expenditure within 5 years. In the other hand, for each year of assessment, a company may be able to offset this allowance to against 70% of its sta tutory income and the rest of 30% will be taxed at the prevailing company tax rate (MIDA, 2010). The Malaysia also provides promoted area in ITA incentive which is if any company invests in the promoted area; a company can enjoy 100% allowance on qualifying capital expenditure in 5 years. In addition, for each year of assessment in promoted area, the allowance can be utilized to offset against 100% of the statutory income. Different additional incentives also provided by government in many sectors, here just discuss one major of additional incentive for all sectors which is Reinvestment Allowance (RA). From the MIDA website, reinvestment allowance is given if a company involves in manufacturing or agricultural activities, operation at least 36 months from year assessment 2009, and purposely reinvest in expansion, automation, modernization or diversification business (MIDA, 2010). Reinvestment allowance is given 60% on the qualifying capital expenditure, 15 consecutive years, can be offset against 70% of statutory income and can fully against of statutory income if a company invest in promoted area or attain productivity level exceeding the level determined by Ministry of Finance. (Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP), 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41) indicated Malaysia annual FDI inflow has grown by only 1% CAGR from the period of 1991 2000 to 2001 2007. The FDI performance is worst in past 20 years, so, Malaysia must improve its performance by using some initiatives which is; Benchmarking Malaysias attractiveness, Empowering Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) to attract investment, and Investing in talent recruitment (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41). In benchmarking Malaysias attractiveness, Malaysia will identify the key factor of the understanding of the foreign investor by conduct an annual survey (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41). The key factor will affect the Governments policy decision making to make out some adjustment to ensure Malaysia can compete for capital and increasing the FDI attractiveness, for example, reducing the corporate and personal income tax rates is a type of factor can improve the attractiveness of FDI inflow in Malaysia (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41). In empowering MIDA to attract investment, MIDA will more focus in few sectors those can support innovation and productivity growth and will focus on quality of investment rather than quantity (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41). Several change will made by MIDA to attract FDI which is given the authority to negotiate directly with investors for target projects, enhance the coordination and cohesion among the relevant investment promotion bodies in the country, and enable the necessary organizational flexibility to attract and retain the talent it needs to be internationally competitive (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41). In investing in talent recruitment, liberalization, good quality of life, and better compensation package will increase the number of worker flow into our country (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41). Malaysia also introduces the Talent Corporation (TC) which is under the Prime Ministers Department to improve our FDI. TC has three key roles to improve the inflow FDI, the first is catalyst lead and drive innovative national talent management initiatives. The second key role is as a facilitator and creating and motivating for private sector. The third key role is deliver major national initiatives on talent across the human capital development pipeline (10MP, 2010, Chap. 3, pp. 39-41).

Use of Language in A View from the Bridge Essay -- A View from the Bri

Use of Language in A View from the Bridge Examine Miller’s use of language and dramatic devices in helping the audience to understand the themes of A View From The Bridge Arthur Miller is regarded as a great dramatist and he explores the life struggles of an ordinary man against authority and insurmountable odds and in ‘A View From The Bridge’ he uses many dramatic devices and enigmatic themes to help the audience understand the play. Some of the main themes are jealousy, love, law, justice and social class. The play opens with Alfieri’s thoughtful analysis of the situation in Red Hook. Alfieri is a sympathetic and an educated lawyer and ‘And when I saw him walk through my door, I knew why I had waited’ clearly shows Alfieri’s character of being a perceptive and understanding man. He speaks in a conversational style and he tells the story in a series of flashbacks and he is in control of the play. He immediately creates the atmosphere – where crime was once set in that very neighborhood. Alfieri has a mysterious role and Miller uses him as a crucial link between the characters he is also used as a narrator, commentator and sometimes a character. He talks about it being ‘better to settle for half’ and how he likes that better as, the search for absolute justice results in intolerable consequences as well as, being virtually impossible. Giving details on how the law is limited and cannot deal with every human problem he explains the boundaries to both Marco and Eddie, knowing in his heart they will probably ignore what he has said, however, he cannot take further action to avoid the conflict. Alfieri’s role is to look over the action and remain the purpose throughout, also, Alfieri offers the audienc... ... the audience is aware, from Alfieri’s speech, that the main character is led by fate towards an ending that cannot be escaped by anyone. Miller used the basic themes to build his play up on such as, justice, love, jealousy, law and social class. He used them to put the play together and help the audience understand the thoughts, feelings and emotions of the characters. He used dramatic devices and certain language, from Alfieri’s educated speech to Eddie’s inexpert however, realistic American language, to do so. Miller used these techniques in a clever way so he was able to express his ideas fully. One way was through Alfieri, he was used as a character and a narrator to emphasize the themes to the audience. Alfieri leaves the audience thinking about these techniques and themes that Miller used that caused Eddie to get the tragic ending that he did.

Poetry of E. E. Cummings Essay -- Poetry Poem

Life's Not A Paragraph Throughout his poetry, E. E. Cummings seduces readers deep into a thicket of scrambled words, missing punctuation, and unconventional structure. Within Cummings's poetic bramble, ambiguity leads the reader through what seems at first a confusing and winding maze. However, this confusion actually transforms into a path that leads the reader to the center of the thicket where Cummings's message lies: one should never allow one's experience to be limited by reason and rationality. In order to communicate his belief that emotional experience should triumph over reason, Cummings employs odd juxtapositions, outlandish metaphors, and inversions of traditional grammatical structures that reveal the "illogic" of reason. By breaking down the formal boundaries of his poetic structures, Cummings urges his readers to question boundaries of any kind. Indeed, in the same manner Cummings's literary style appears to be uncontrolled; many of his poems, such as "since feeling is first" and "as freedom is a breakfastfood," in turn suggest that emotion provides the compositional fabric for our experience of life, and therefore, emotion itself should never be defined or controlled. In "since feeling is first," Cummings urges his reader to reject any attempts to control emotion by using English grammar as one example of the restrictive conventions present in society. By stating that "since feeling is first / who pays any attention / to the syntax of things," Cummings suggests that emotion should not be forced to fit into some preconceived framework or mold (1-3). He carries this message throughout the poem by juxtaposing images of the abstract and the concrete--images of emotion and images of English grammar. The abstract na... ...g thicket because he believes the path of the straight and narrow limits the possibilities of experience. Through the unconventionality of his poetic structures, Cummings urges his readers to question order and tradition. He wants his readers to realize that reason and rationality are always secondary to emotion, that emotional experience is a free-flowing force that should not be constrained. Cummings's poetry suggests that in order to get at the true essence of something, one must look past the commonsensical definition, and not be limited by "the syntax of things." Works Cited Cummings, E. E. "as freedom is a breakfastfood." E. E. Cummings: Complete Poems 1904-1962. Ed. George J. Firmage. New York: Liveright, 1991. 511. Cummings, E. E. "Since feeling is first." E. E. Cummings: Complete Poems 1914-1962. Ed. George J. Firmage, New York: Liveright, 1991. 291.

Cohesion in English Essay

The study of cohesion in English is concerned with a relatively neglected part of the linguistic system, which is the formal understanding of text construction and the ways in which parts of the text are interrelated so that meaning can be understood as one in relation to another. It is an interesting way to see the ways in which the sentences are constructed in order to avoid ambiguity and turbidity of the conveyance of meaning (Halliday and Hasan 1976; Taboada 2004). A principal component of the study of ‘cohesion’ is that which arise from semantic relations between sentences. Reference from one to the other, repetition of word meanings, the conjunctive force of ‘but’, ‘so’, ‘then’ and the like are considered. The work describes a method for analysing and coding sentences, which is applied to specimen texts (Halliday and Hasan 1976; Taboada 2004). According to the work of Hasan and Halliday (1976) about the heuristic and semantic study of language, in terms of how the texts cohere, there are five devices of cohesion that govern the unity of a passage, sentence or an idea. The five categories of the devices of cohesion in English are namely: reference, which can be anaphoric, cataphoric and exophoric; substitution, ellipses, conjunction and lexical cohesion. These types or rules are inherent in most of the ways compositions are constructed in order that they will achieve a certain degree of unity and fluidity. In many ways, the models of cohesion, the devices and rules, allow for a mathematically tautological description of text with regards to its natural relation to some of its other parts contained within the same (Halliday and Hasan 1976). In the text provided below for analysis, the five types of cohesion occur several times if not in a lot of occasions. However, prior to dissecting the passage into any of these tools of cohesion, it is important to understand what the text is entirely about in order that the main idea is revealed to serve as guide to the discovery of the aforementioned categories of cohesion. It would appear that the passage is an autobiographical account of someone’s experiences and observations of previous visits and stay in Birmingham. On this particular occasion the author confides his own impression of the kind of hustle and bustle the city is known for and how he relates it to the image of teenager’s bedroom. Along with descriptions of disarray yet harmonic organization of the city, he recalls one of the times he has been in the city. At that point, he starts to talk about the meeting with a friend. He moves then from a general view of Birmingham into a more specific locale of the city: the neighborhood of his friend Mike Walter. Through this, the author was able to explain more of what Birmingham is like by going in-depth. Furthermore, the author tells us about the kind of culture they have in Birmingham, for instance, how the locals are ‘affectionately’ called—the ‘Brummies’, and likewise, their love for autos and highways. It is obvious the author tries to keep within his central idea or thesis in the entire narrative. He did not stray far afield his main topic, albeit some of his digressions were a bit lengthy and varied. Instead, each side-note and anecdotes only improves and completes the image of what we have about Birmingham city thus far. To go into technicalities, we now look at the model of cohesion in English. There are five devices in the model. The first device of cohesion is called reference, which has three subcategories, namely the 1) anaphoric, 2) cataphoric, 3) exophoric references. The first can be characterized as the device of reference which occurs when the writer points back to an already named or identified object with another word to avoid repetition. Instead of saying the particular term over and over, another word is used in the next phrases to mean the very same thing or object. For example, the author’s view of Birmingham is referenced by the word ‘that’ – ramshackle of factories, warehouses, container yards, transport depots, workshops, chunneys, tower blocks, offices – which are ‘all’ thrown together as if by accident. The word ‘that’ referred to the view of Birmingham, likewise, the word ‘all’ referred to the images concomitant to such a view. The second is quite like the reverse of the first where the object that is being referred to comes after the use of the word that refers it. The use of cataphoric reference is seldom used. It is usually employed to achieve a dramatic effect as if the purposeful delay in disclosing the information would heighten the feeling of suspense and intrigue (Hoey 1991). The object is introduced by a word that is general and later is clarified by naming the object itself. At the first paragraph, the sentence employs the same cataphoric effect in withholding whatever that ‘it’ means. Later on, its reference is revealed at the end of the paragraph whereby the ‘it’ becomes the â€Å"train† (the turn of phrase is therefore imbued with an enhanced degree of dramatic delay). The third type of reference cohesion is the exophoric—literally meaning ‘coming from the outside’. In other words, the reference is neither contained in the passage nor will the reader ever find out for certain what, who, when and where the reference word is referring to. Although the third bears some similarities with the cataphoric reference cohesion, it is largely set apart and differentiated to such by the very fact that in this device of cohesion, the reference is usually general and broad in character. Unlike cataphoric reference, exophoric takes the intrigue, so to speak, to another level by using abstract and vague terms that practically would mean anything or everyone, as the case may be. The reader will never be able to identify the object being referred to in so far as an exact name or category is not given (Hoey 1991). The phrase â€Å"there were very few of us there† in the subsequent paragraphs is a good example of exophoric reference. While the reader may infer that the word ‘us’ refers to the people whom the author met in an assembly called the Birmingham Rep—where ‘they’ exchanged casual chit-chat and intellectual ruminations to pass the time, it is never sure what sort of bunch the word ‘us’ is actually composed of. With only the exception of author himself and his friend Mike Walters, ‘us’ could virtually mean any group of two or more persons with varying and distinct personalities and localities, and perhaps hailing from across different parts of the country. All of which the author fails to mention in exact details. Another device of cohesion is called an ellipsis. It is a device that could either enhance the reader’s understanding of the text or it could perhaps confuse it. Ellipsis occurs when after a more specific mention some words are stricken off when the phrase needs to be repeated. Accordingly, long lists of the same class to describe an object may be stopped short or left to hang in the middle of the sentence thereby suspending the train of the thought of the reader and allowing him to imagine for himself the next logical addition (Hoey 1991). Following the ellipsis is the device cohesion that is a bit similar to the ellipsis but instead of leaving out the word completely, a substitute word is used. Take for instance the phrase â€Å"cities are cities, and in this one there is a lot to see†. The word ‘one’ effectively substitutes the word city and that city would refer to Birmingham. Notice that ‘one’ is general yet it still is able to represent Birmingham by means of the preceding information about cities being cities. Substitute cohesion is a double reflection of a general reference of a specific object. Put differently, substitution is two degrees away from the original object as it only substitutes, perhaps, the anaphoric reference cohesion, for example, in a text. The fourth device of cohesion is conjunction, or words that connect or divide phrase by relating them to one another through a temporal, causal, coordinating, adversative, additive or discourse markers. These are the points of the texts which prompts the reader that the following passages are merely continuation of or branches to the previous statements (Hoey 1991). Even with the usage of punctuation marks and sentence gaps, the reader is guided through the next sentences or paragraphs because of the conjunction markers. Furthermore, conjunctions are used to make sure that the sentences cohere and are not left a stranger of sorts to the other. Conjunctions connect them all in one unified piece (Hoey 1991). Conjunction occurs often times in any text. In the particular text that is to be analyzed here, the words ‘before’, ‘always’, ‘and’, ‘also’, ‘first’, ‘just as’ and so on are used generously in the entire narrative. This is so because the entire text does not disassemble itself with loosely or unconnected thoughts and ideas. Otherwise, some of the digressions would be seen as impertinent and meaningless. And lastly is the lexical device of cohesion. This is the repetition of words throughout a text, or even in a single sentence, that are ejusdem generis or under the same class or category. It can form relational patterns through the entire passage which would help the reader clearly perceive a singular theme that the author wishes to present. In most cases, this construction of the text is akin to the ideas of rhetorical parallelism, wherein repeated or similar words are said in a way that will sound naturally cohesive and unified (Hoey 1991). This device is used well in the assigned text wherein the ‘view of Birmingham city’ is referred to repeatedly as an image, example and representation. It becomes clear that the whole passage revolves around Birmingham city, and it does not lack in describing in full detail how it looks and what it is like to the author. Lexemes, in the manner it was used, made the passage appear as a solid and complete whole without insufficiencies or other facts that beg further clarification. All in all, the five devices of cohesion in the English language are excellent tools for both the writer and the reader to come up with a crystal clear understanding and appreciation of any composition with the proper use of logical connectives and semantic devices as those discussed. These rules of cohesions also help in correcting certain logical errors and clarifying ambiguities, on top of making sure that the text is readable and understandable. What is to be avoided are entire sentences and paragraphs that do not appear to belong together simply because they do not cohere. In other words, cohesion in English will prevent nonsensical and shoddy writing above and beyond anything else. However, there is the question of whether or not these devices of cohesion may be able to account for the different idioms and the modern slang of English. While it is true that the puritans have a point in preserving the formal qualities of the language, it is inevitable that certain phrases and sentence construction will evolve into strange forms of communication, conveyance and presentation which could well probably be just as comprehensible and clear as its regular counterpart in formal composition. The slang and idiom are major limitations to the model of cohesion in English precisely because they do not follow a strict logical pattern. Moreover, their usages vary from across different subcultures and multi-contexts. It would be interesting indeed to find out how these devices and categories will still be able to keep up with the ever-changing rules on grammar and semantics. Perhaps other additions to the categories would be necessary in the future to make for a better way to read and write in English. Just as other languages like Russian, German, French, Spanish (Taboada 2004) or even Chinese do not possess all of the inherent idiosyncrasies of the five categories of cohesion and may even employ other styles not mentioned by the work of Halliday and Hasan (1976), English slang may have its own nuances and jargon that must also be respected and welcomed in formal, modern rhetoric. It now remains a novel and intriguing question how this is to be achieved.